General topic
Static single assignement (SSA); Abstract interpretation; Cyclic term graph
Summary
Conversion to Static Single Assignment (SSA) form is usually viewed as a syntactic transformation algorithm that gives unique names to program variables, and reconciles these names using “phi” functions based on a notion of domination. We instead propose a semantic approach, where SSA translation is performed using a simple dataflow analysis. Based on a new technique to use cyclic terms in abstract domains, we propose a Symbolic Expression abstract domain that performs a Global Value Numbering analysis, upon which we build our SSA translation. This implies a shift in perspective, as global value numbering becomes a prerequisite of SSA translation, instead of depending on SSA.
One application to performing SSA Translation by Abstract Interpretation is that SSA optimizations passes can be implemented as a combination of abstract domains, allowing to perform several optimizations simultaneously to solve the usual phase ordering problem and avoiding tedious maintenance of SSA invariants.
Our main motivation for this research is the design of Codex, an analyzer for machine code which uses SSA as its main intermediate representation. Machine code is too low-level to allow SSA translation without a prior semantic analysis, while SSA is an intermediate representation that makes static analysis easier than direct analysis of machine code. Viewing SSA translation as a semantic analysis solves this chicken-and-egg problem, allowing to simultaneously decompile machine code to SSA and use the SSA representation to perform the other semantic analyses (value analysis, memory analysis, and control-flow analysis). Our RTAS 2021 paper illustrate the use of such an analysis, combined with a novel type system for machine code where type checking is also done by abstract interpretation, on an embedded OS kernel where we prove security properties directly from its executable.
Further information
- Read the paper: either published version or the version with appendices
- Look at the slides or watch the video of the talk
- Download the software artifact which can be used as a reference implementation of our technique.